Read Ebook: Döderlein's Hand-book of Latin Synonymes by Doederlein Ludwig Von Taylor Samuel H Samuel Harvey Author Of Introduction Etc Arnold Henry Hamilton Translator

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CONCLAVE, CUBICULUM. +Conclave+ is the most general term for any closed room, and especially a room of state; +cubiculum+ is a particular expression for a dwelling-room.

CONSTAT; APPARET; ELUCET; LIQUET. +Constat+ means a truth made out and fixed, in opp. to a wavering and unsteady fancy or rumor; whereas +apparet+, +elucet+, and +liquet+ denote what is clear and evident; +apparet+, under the image of something stepping out of the back-ground into sight; +elucet+, under the image of a light shining out of darkness; +liquet+, under the image of frozen water melted.

CONSUETUDO; MOS; RITUS; CAERIMONIA. +Consuetudo+ denotes the uniform observance of anything as a custom, arising from itself, and having its foundation in the inclination or convenience of an individual or people, ????; whereas +mos+ is the habitual observance of anything, as a product of reason, and of the self-conscious will, and has its foundation in moral views, or the clear dictates of right, virtue, and decorum, ????; lastly, +ritus+ denotes the hallowed observance of anything, either implanted by nature as an instinct, or introduced by the gods as a ceremony, or which, at any rate, cannot be traced to any human origin. +Consuetudines+ are merely factitious, and have no moral worth; +mores+ are morally sanctioned by silent consent, as +jura+ and +leges+ by formal decree; +ritus+ , are natural, and are hallowed by their primaeval origin, and are peculiar to the animal. 2. +Ritus+ is a hallowed observance, as directed and taught by the gods or by nature; whereas +caerimonia+ is that which is employed in the worship of the gods.

COXA; LATUS; FEMUR. +Coxa+ and +coxendix+ mean the hip; +latus+, the part between the hip and shoulder; +femur+ and +femen+, the part under the hip, the thigh.

CREARE; GIGNERE; PARERE; GENERARE. 1. +Creare+ means, by one's own will and creative power to call something out of nothing; +gignere+ by procreation or parturition; +gignere+ is allied to +generare+ only by procreation, and to +parere+

CUBARE; JACERE; SITUM ESSE. +Cubare+ denotes the lying down of living beings; +situm esse+ of lifeless things; +jacere+, of both. +Cubare+ and +jacere+ are neuter; +situm esse+, always passive. Further, +cubare+ gives the image of one who is tired, who wishes to recruit his strength, in opp. to standing, as requiring exertion, whereas +jacere+ gives the image of one who is weak, without any accessory notion, in opp. to standing, as a sign of strength.

CUBILE; LECTUS. +Cubile+ is a natural couch for men and animals, a place of rest, like ?????, ????; +lectus+, an artificial couch, merely for men, a bed, like ???????.

CULCITA; PULVINUS; PULVINAR. +Culcita+ is a hard-stuffed pillow; +pulvinus+ and +pulvinar+, a soft elastic pillow; +pulvinus+, such as is used on ordinary civil occasions; +pulvinar+, such as is used on solemn religious occasions.

CUR; QUARE. +Cur+ serves both for actual questions, and for interrogative forms of speech; whereas +quare+ serves for those questions only, to which we expect an answer.

CUSTODIA; CARCER; ERGASTULUM. +Custodia+ is the place where prisoners are confined, or the prison; +carcer+ , that part of the prison that is meant for citizens; +ergastulum+ , the house of correction for slaves.

DELIBUTUS; UNCTUS; OBLITUS. +Delibutus+ , besmeared with something greasy, is the general expression; +unctus+ means anointed with a pleasant ointment; and +oblitus+ , besmeared with something impure.

DELIGERE; ELIGERE. +Deligere+ means to choose, in the sense of not remaining undecided in one's choice; +eligere+, to choose, in the sense of not taking the first thing that comes.

DEPRAVARE; CORRUMPERE. +Depravare+ denotes to make anything relatively worse, provided it is still susceptible of amendment, as being merely perverted from its proper use; whereas +corrumpere+ denotes to make anything absolutely bad and useless, so that it is not susceptible of amendment, as being completely spoilt.

DESINERE; DESISTERE. +Desinere+ denotes only a condition in reference to persons, things, and actions, as, to cease; whereas +desistere+, an act of the will, of which persons only are capable, as to desist.

DEVERSORIUM; HOSPITIUM; CAUPONA; TABERNA; POPINA; GANEUM. +Deversorium+ is any house of reception on a journey, whether one's own property, or that of one's friends, or of inn-keepers; +hospitium+, an inn for the reception of strangers; +caupona+ a tavern kept by a publican. These establishments afford lodging as well as food; whereas +tabernae+, +popinae+, +ganea+, only food, like restaurateurs; +tabernae+ , for the common people, as eating-houses; +popinae+ , for gentlefolks and gourmands, like ordinaries; +ganea+ , for voluptuaries.

DIFFERRE; PROFERRE; PROCRASTINARE; PROROGARE. 1. +Differre+ denotes delay in a negative sense, whereby a thing is not done at present, but laid aside; whereas +proferre+ and +procrastinare+, delay in a positive sense, as that which is to take place at a future time; +proferre+ refers to some other time in general; +procrastinare+, to the very next opportunity. 2. +Differre+ denotes an action, the beginning of which is put off; +prorogare+, a condition or state, the ending of which is put off, as to protract.

DISCERNERE; DISTINGUERE. +Discernere+ means to distinguish by discrimination and judgment; +distinguere+ , by signs and marks.

DORSUM; TERGUM. +Dorsum+ denotes the back, in an horizontal direction, consequently the back of an animal, in opp. to the belly, like ?????; +tergum+ , the back, in a perpendicular direction, consequently the part between the shoulders in a man, in opp. to the breast, like ??????????. Hence +dorsum montis+ denotes the uppermost surface; +tergum montis+, the hinder part of a mountain.

DUMI; SENTES; VEPRES. +Dumi+ denotes bushes growing thickly together, which present the appearance of a wilderness; +sentes+, prickly and wounding bushes, thorn-bushes; +vepres+ combines both meanings; thorn-bushes which make the ground a wilderness.

EBRIUS; VINOLENTUS; TREMULENTUS; CRAPULA; EBRIOSUS. 1. +Ebrietas+ places the consequences of the immoderate use of wine in its most favorable point of view, as the exaltation and elevation of the animal spirits, and in its connection with inspiration, like ????; whereas +vinolentia+, and the old word +temulentia+, in its disgusting point of view, as brutal excess, and in its connection with the loss of recollection, like ???????; lastly, +crapula+, the objective cause of this condition, like ????????. 2. +Ebrius+, and the word of rare occurrence, +madusa+, denote a person who is drunk, with reference to the condition; +ebriosus+, a drunkard, with reference to the habit.

EMINENS; EXCELLENS; PRAECLARUS; PRAESTANS; INSIGNIS; SINGULARIS; UNICUS. 1. +Eminens+, +excellens+, +praeclarus+, and +praestans+, involve a quiet acknowledgment of superiority; whereas +egregius+, with an expression of enthusiasm, like glorious; +eximius+, with an expression of admiration, like excellent. 2. +Eximius+, &c. relate altogether to good qualities, like superior, and can be connected with vices and faults only in irony; whereas +insignis+, +singularis+, and +unicus+, are indifferent, and serve as well to heighten blame as praise, like distinguished, matchless.

EN; ECCE. +En+ means, see here what was before hidden from thee! like ??, ???, ?????; whereas +ecce+ means, see there what thou hast not before observed! like ????.

EPULAE; CONVIVIUM; DAPES; EPULUM; COMISSATIO. +Epulae+ is the general expression, the meal, whether frugal or sumptuous, whether en famille or with guests, at home or in public; +convivium+ is a social meal, a convivial meal; +dapes+ , a religious meal, a meal of offerings; +epulum+, a solemn meal, mostly political, a meal in honor of something, a festival; +comissatio+ , a gormandizing meal, a feast.

ERUDIRE; FORMARE; INSTITUERE. +Erudire+ and +formare+ denote education as an ideal good, and as a part of human improvement; +erudire+, generally, and as far as it frees from ignorance; +formare+, specially, and as far as it prepares one in a particular sphere, and for a particular purpose, and gives the mind a bent thereto; whereas +instituere+ denotes education as a real good, in order to qualify for a particular employment.

EXCUBIAE; STATIONES; VIGILIAE. +Excubiae+ are the sentinels before the palace, as guards of honor and safeguards; +stationes+, guards stationed at the gate as an outpost; +vigiliae+, guards in the streets during the night as a patrol.

EXERCITUS; COPIAE. +Exercitus+ is an army that consists of several legions; but +copiae+ mean troops, which consist of several cohorts.

EXPLORATOR; SPECULATOR; EMISSARIUS. +Exploratores+ are scouts, publicly ordered to explore the state of the country or the enemy; +speculatores+, spies, secretly sent out to observe the condition and plans of the enemy; +emissarii+, secret agents, commissioned with reference to eventual measures and negotiations.

EXSPES; DESPERANS. +Exspes+ denotes hopelessness, as a state; but +desperans+, despondency, as the painful feeling of hopelessness.

FAUX; GLUTUS; INGLUVIES; GUTTUR; GURGULIO; GULA. +Faux+, +glutus+, and +ingluvies+, denote the space within the throat; +glutus+ , in men; +ingluvies+, in animals; +faux+ , the upper part, the entrance into the throat; whereas +guttur+, +gurgulio+, and +gula+, denote that part of the body which encloses the space within the throat; +gurgulio+ , in animals; +gula+, in men; +guttur+, in either.

FAX; TAEDA; FUNALE. +Fax+ is the general expression for any sort of torch; +taeda+ is a natural pine torch; +funale+, an artificial wax-torch.

FEL; BILIS. +Fel+ is the gall of animals, and, figuratively, the symbol of bitterness to the taste; whereas +bilis+ is the gall of human beings, and, figuratively, the symbol of exasperation of mind.

FOENUS; USURA. +Foenus+ denotes interest as the produce of capital, like ?????; +usura+ denotes what is paid by the debtor for the use of capital, like ?????.

FRUSTRA; NEQUIDQUAM; INCASSUM; IRRITUS. 1. +Frustra+ means in vain, with reference to the subject, whose expectation and calculations have been disappointed; whereas +nequidquam+ , to no purpose, refers to the nullity in which the thing has ended. 2. Hence +frustra+, used adjectively, refers to the person; whereas +irritus+, the actual adjective, refers to the thing. 3. +Frustra+ and +nequidquam+ denote merely a failure, without imputing a fault, like ?????; whereas +incassum+ involves the accessory notion of a want of consideration, by which the failure might have been calculated upon, and foreseen, as in attempting any thing manifestly or proverbially impossible, ??? ?????.

FUSTIS; FERULA; SUDES; TRUDES; RUDIS; SCIPIO; BACULUS. 1. +Fustis+ and +ferula+ denote sticks for striking; +sudes+, +trudes+, and +rudis+, for thrusting; +scipio+ and +baculus+, for walking. 2. +Fustus+ is a cudgel or club, large enough to strike a man dead; but +ferula+, a little stick, or rod for the chastisement of school-boys; +sudes+ and +trudes+ , are used in battle; +rudis+ only as a foil in the fencing-school; +scipio+ , serves especially for ornament and state, as a symbol of superior power, or of the honor due to age; +baculus+, +bacillum+ , serve more for use and convenience to lean upon, and at the same time, when necessary, as a weapon.

GLADIUS; ENSIS; PUGIO; SICA. 1. +Gladius+ is the usual, +ensis+ the select and poetical name for a sword. Quintil. x. 1, 11. 2. +Pugio+ is a dagger, as a fair and openly used soldier's weapon, on a level with the sword; whereas +sica+ is the unfair and secret weapon of the bandit, on a level with poison.

GLOBUS; SPHAERA. +Globus+ is the popular term for any body that is round like a ball; whereas +sphaera+ is the scientific term, derived from the Greek for a mathematical globe.

GRAECI; GRAII; GRAECULI; GRAECANICUS. 1. +Graeci+ denotes the Greeks merely as a term in the description of different nations, and a historical name, without any accessory moral reference; whereas +Graii+, with praise, as the classical name for a nation of heroes in days of yore: +Graeculi+, with blame, as the degenerate people, false and unworthy of trust, that existed in the times of the Roman writers. 2. +Graecum+ means what is really Grecian, whether in or out of Greece; but +Graecanicus+, what is made after the Grecian manner, what is merely ? la Grecque.

GUTTA; STILLA; STIRIA. +Gutta+ is a natural, +stilla+ , an artificial measured drop. Further, the principal notion in +gutta+ is that of smallness, hence +guttatim+ means drop by drop; whereas in +stilla+ the principal notion is that of humidity, hence +stillatim+ means trickling or dripping. +Stilla+ means a liquid; +stiria+ a frozen drop.

HONORARE; HONESTARE. +Honorare+ means to honor any body, by paying him singular respect, and yielding him honor; but +honestare+ means to dignify, or confer a permanent mark of honor upon any body.

HORNUS; HORNOTINUS. +Hornus+ that which is of this year, as a poetical, +hornotinus+, as a prosaic word.

I & J.

JACTATIO; GLORIATIO; OSTENTATIO; VENDITATIO. +Jactatio+ and +gloriatio+ have their foundation in vanity and self-complacency; +jactatio+ is making much ado of one's excellencies and merits, and shows itself in words and actions, with the accessory notion of folly; +gloriatio+ is talking big, proclaiming one's excellencies and merits, with the accessory notion of insolence; whereas +ostentatio+ and +venditatio+ have their foundation in a crafty calculation of the effect to be produced, and a disregard to truth; +ostentatio+ would conceal real emptiness under a false show; +venditatio+ would, by exaggerating one's excellencies, pass them off for greater than they are.

IMPERTIRE; TRIBUERE; PARTICIPARE; COMMUNICARE. +Impertire+ and +tribuere+ denote giving a portion, without reference to any share, which the giver is to retain for himself; +impertire+ means giving, as an act of free will and of goodness; +tribuere+, as an act of justice, or of judiciousness; whereas +participare+ and +communicare+, the giving a share of something of which one also retains a share one's self; +participare+ has generally the receiver for its object, who is to share a possession; but +communicare+, generally the thing shared, in the use of which the receiver is to have a share.

INFICETUS; INFACETUS; INCESTUS; INCASTUS. 1. +Inficetus+ involves positive blame, a tasteless and heavy fellow; whereas +infacetus+ only negative, a man not remarkable for wit. 2. In the same manner +incestus+ denotes an incestuous person; whereas +incastus+ only an unchaste person. Sen. Contr. ii. 13.

INFORTUNIUM; CALAMITAS; INFELICITAS; MISERIA. +Infortunium+ and +calamitas+ denote a single misfortune; +infortunium+, more as a vexatious accident, like malheur, for example, the loss of a purse, receiving blows, etc.; +calamitas+ a tragic accident, as the loss of a beloved person, of power, etc.; whereas +infelicitas+ and +miseria+ denote an unfortunate state of considerable duration; +infelicitas+, merely as the absence of success; +miseria+ as an actual, pressing state of affliction.

INGENIUM; NATURA; INDOLES. +Ingenium+ and +natura+ denote the disposition, as far as it constitutes the immovable ground of human individuality, and is susceptible of no change; +ingenium+, more with reference to the faculties of the mind, +natura+ to the feelings of the heart; whereas +indoles+ denotes the disposition, as far as it constitutes only the beginning of individuality, and is susceptible of improvement.

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